C.R.S.
Section 24-51-1747
Portability between the Denver public schools division and the other four divisions within the association
- definitions
(1)
As used in this section, unless the context otherwise requires:(a)
“DPS active member” means a person, as defined in subsection (2) of this section, who as of December 31, 2009, is an employee of the Denver public school district, the Denver public schools retirement system, or a Denver public school district charter school, and is a member of the Denver public schools retirement system. Active members include employees, other than part-time or hourly employees, on leave of absence from the Denver public school district, the Denver public schools retirement system, or a Denver public school district charter school on December 31, 2009.(b)
“DPS inactive member” means a person, as defined in subsection (3) of this section, who as of December 31, 2009, has a member account balance at the Denver public schools retirement system, is not employed by the Denver public school district, the Denver public schools retirement system, or a Denver public school district charter school, and is not receiving benefits from the Denver public schools retirement system.(c)
“Denver public schools retirement system” means the Denver public school district retirement system that will become the Denver public schools division within the association.(d)
“Freeze” or “frozen” means cessation of the collection of contributions and the granting of benefit or service accruals. However, interest will continue to accrue on frozen accounts at the applicable interest rate.(e)
“Nonretirement plan choice affiliate employer” means any employer, other than the state or the community colleges, affiliated with the association.(f)
“One-time irrevocable choice” refers to the choice of either the benefits as specified in this part 17 or the benefits under the PERA benefit structure. The choice period shall be a sixty-calendar-day choice period. Unless otherwise specified, the sixty-day choice period shall begin on the date the association receives the first contributions from the affiliated employer. If an individual is eligible to make a one-time irrevocable choice and fails to make the choice within the choice period, he or she will be automatically enrolled in the benefit structure with which the individual has accrued the most service credit at the beginning of the choice period. If the individual fails to make a choice and has service credit in both benefit structures and the amount of service credit in both structures is equal, then he or she will be automatically enrolled in the benefit structure with the most recent contribution prior to the first day of the choice period. Contributions received prior to a choice being made will be applied to the PERA benefit structure. Upon a choice being made within the sixty-day period, these contributions will be applied to the applicable division and the applicable benefit structure within that division. While the choice is pending, the individual shall not be allowed a refund or to retire.(g)
“Parties” means the association, the Denver public schools retirement system, and the Denver public school district.(h)
“PERA benefit structure” means the benefits provided in this article, except for the benefits provided for in part 15 of this article unless otherwise indicated, and except for the benefits provided for in this part 17.(i)
“Retirement plan choice affiliated employer” means the state or the community colleges of the state.(j)
“Denver public school district” means the school district sponsoring the Denver public schools retirement system.(k)
“Denver public school district charter school” means a charter school that was approved before January 1, 2010, by the Denver public school district board of education and that has employees participating in the Denver public schools retirement system before January 1, 2010, and that is certified as a Denver public school district charter school at the time of merger. “Denver public school district charter school” also means a charter school approved by the Denver public school board of education on or after January 1, 2010. A Denver public school district charter school is considered an employer within the Denver public schools division.(l)
“Denver public schools division” refers to the separate division created within the association that will consist solely of the Denver public school district and Denver public school district charter schools and have a separate benefit structure from the other divisions within the association. The benefit structure for the Denver public school district division shall be governed by the DPS plan document and this part 17, where applicable.(II)
A person who is not retired and is a DPS active member on January 1, 2010, with either an inactive account with the association or no account with the association who continues his or her employment with an employer within the Denver public schools division on and after January 1, 2010, shall continue to accrue a benefit under the Denver public schools benefit structure as set forth in this part 17. Employment with any retirement plan choice employer affiliated with the association on and after January 1, 2010, without a twelve-month break in service, shall trigger a one-time irrevocable choice. The choice shall freeze the account not chosen. If the individual becomes an inactive member and decides to take a refund, he or she shall refund all member accounts. Any subsequent employment after a refund with any association affiliated employer, including the Denver public school district or a Denver public school district charter school, will be under the PERA benefit structure in effect at that time.(III)
A person who is not retired and is a DPS active member on January 1, 2010, with either an inactive account with the association or no account with the association who continues his or her employment with an employer within the Denver public schools division on and after January 1, 2010, shall continue to accrue a benefit under the benefit structure as set forth in this part 17. If the individual is employed with any employer that is under the optional retirement plan choice pursuant to article 54.5 of this title, in an optional retirement plan choice position, he or she will have the choice as provided in article 54.5 of this title. For purposes of determining optional retirement plan choice eligibility, service credit within the benefit structure as set forth in this part 17 and service credit with the association will be combined. If the individual chooses to participate in the defined benefit plan, it will trigger a one-time irrevocable choice. The sixty-day choice period shall begin upon the date the association is notified of the selection of the defined benefit plan. The choice shall freeze the account not chosen. If the individual becomes an inactive member and elects to take a refund, he or she shall refund all member accounts. Any subsequent employment after a refund with any association affiliated employer, including the Denver public school district or a Denver public school district charter school, will be under the PERA benefit structure in effect at that time.(IV)
A person who is not retired and is a DPS active member on January 1, 2010, with either an inactive account with the association or no account with the association who continues his or her employment with an employer within the Denver public schools division on and after January 1, 2010, shall continue to accrue a benefit under the benefit structure as set forth in this part 17. If the individual is employed at the university of Colorado in a position defined as eligible for the university retirement plan, he or she will have the choice as provided in section 23-20-139, C.R.S. For purposes of determining university retirement plan choice eligibility, service credit within the benefit structure as set forth in this part 17 and service credit with the association will be combined. If the individual chooses to participate in the defined benefit plan, it will trigger a one-time irrevocable choice. The sixty-day choice period shall begin upon the date the association is notified of the selection of the defined benefit plan. The choice shall freeze the account not chosen. If the individual becomes an inactive member and elects to take a refund, he or she shall refund all member accounts. Any subsequent employment after a refund with any association affiliated employer, including the Denver public school district or a Denver public school district charter school, will be under the PERA benefit structure in effect at that time.(b)
Intentionally left blank —Ed.(I)
A DPS active member on January 1, 2010, with either an inactive account with the association or no account with the association who terminates employment with his or her employer and becomes inactive and is later reemployed by any nonretirement plan choice affiliated employer of the association, including the Denver public school district and a Denver public school district charter school, will trigger a one-time irrevocable choice. The choice shall freeze the account not chosen. If the individual becomes an inactive member and elects to take a refund, he or she shall refund all member accounts. Any subsequent employment after a refund with any association affiliated employer, including the Denver public school district or a Denver public school district charter school, will be under the PERA benefit structure in effect at that time.(II)
A DPS active member on January 1, 2010, with either an inactive account with the association or no account with the association who terminates employment with his or her employer and becomes inactive and is later reemployed by any retirement plan choice affiliated employer of the association within twelve months of the date of termination will trigger a one-time irrevocable choice. The choice shall freeze the account not chosen. If the individual becomes an inactive member and elects to take a refund, he or she shall refund all member accounts. Any subsequent employment after a refund with any association affiliated employer, including the Denver public school district or a Denver public school district charter school, will be under the PERA benefit structure in effect at that time.(III)
A DPS active member on January 1, 2010, with either an inactive account with the association or no account with the association who terminates employment with his or her employer and becomes inactive and is later reemployed by any retirement plan choice affiliated employer of the association after a twelve-month break in service will have a retirement plan choice pursuant to section 24-51-1503 (1). If the individual chooses to participate in the defined benefit plan, it will trigger a one-time irrevocable choice. The sixty-day choice period shall begin upon the date the association is notified of the selection of the defined benefit plan. The choice shall freeze the account not chosen. If the individual becomes an inactive member and elects to take a refund, he or she shall refund all member accounts. Any subsequent employment after a refund with any association affiliated employer, including the Denver public school district or a Denver public school district charter school, will be under the PERA benefit structure in effect at that time. If the individual chooses to participate in the association’s defined contribution plan, the individual may either elect to maintain his or her inactive account or direct that his or her member account be transferred to the defined contribution account; except that after-tax contributions shall be transferred to an after-tax account in the association’s 401(k) account. If an individual elects to transfer his or her account pursuant to this subparagraph (III), the association shall transfer such account within ninety days after the employee’s election becomes effective.(IV)
A DPS active member on January 1, 2010, with either an inactive account with the association or no account with the association who terminates employment with his or her employer and becomes inactive and is later reemployed by any employer that is under the optional retirement plan choice pursuant to article 54.5 of this title, in an optional retirement plan choice position, will have the choice as provided in article 54.5 of this title. For purposes of determining optional retirement plan choice eligibility, service credit within the benefit structure as set forth in this part 17 and service credit within the PERA benefit structure will be combined. If the individual chooses to participate in the defined benefit plan, it will trigger a one-time irrevocable choice. The sixty-day choice period shall begin upon the date the association is notified of the selection of the defined benefit plan. The choice shall freeze the account not chosen. If the individual becomes an inactive member and elects to take a refund, he or she shall refund all member accounts. Any subsequent employment after a refund with any association affiliated employer, including the Denver public school district or a Denver public school district charter school, will be under the PERA benefit structure in effect at that time.(V)
A DPS active member on January 1, 2010, with either an inactive account with the association or no account with the association who terminates employment with his or her employer and becomes inactive and is later reemployed at the university of Colorado in a position defined as eligible for the university retirement plan shall have the choice as provided in section 23-20-139, C.R.S. For purposes of determining university retirement plan choice eligibility, service credit within the benefit structure as set forth in this part 17 and service credit within the PERA benefit structure will be combined. If the individual chooses to participate in the defined benefit plan, it will trigger a one-time irrevocable choice. The sixty-day choice period shall begin upon the date the association is notified of the selection of the defined benefit plan. The choice shall freeze the account not chosen. If the individual becomes an inactive member and elects to take a refund, he or she shall refund all member accounts. Any subsequent employment after a refund with any association affiliated employer, including the Denver public school district or a Denver public school district charter school, will be under the PERA benefit structure in effect at that time.(c)
A DPS active member who is also a member of the association pursuant to section 24-51-101 (29) on January 1, 2010, will immediately be given a one-time irrevocable choice. The sixty-day choice period will begin on January 1, 2010. The choice shall freeze the account not chosen. If the individual becomes an inactive member and elects to take a refund, he or she shall refund all member accounts. Any subsequent employment after a refund with an affiliated employer of the association, including the Denver public school district or a Denver public school district charter school, will be under the PERA benefit structure in effect at that time.(II)
A person who is not retired and is a DPS inactive member on January 1, 2010, who is subsequently employed by any retirement plan choice affiliated employer of the association within twelve months of the date of termination will trigger a one-time irrevocable choice. The choice shall freeze the account not chosen. If the individual becomes an inactive member and elects to take a refund, he or she shall refund all member accounts. Any subsequent employment after a refund with any association affiliated employer, including the Denver public school district or a Denver public school district charter school, will be under the PERA benefit structure in effect at that time.(III)
A person who is not retired and is a DPS inactive member on January 1, 2010, who is subsequently employed by any retirement plan choice affiliated employer of the association after a twelve-month break in service will have a retirement plan choice pursuant to section 24-51-1503 (1). If the individual chooses to participate in the defined benefit plan, it will trigger a one-time irrevocable choice. The sixty-day choice period shall begin upon the date the association is notified of the selection of the defined benefit plan. The choice shall freeze the account not chosen. If the individual becomes an inactive member and elects to take a refund, he or she shall refund all member accounts. Any subsequent employment after a refund with any association affiliated employer, including the Denver public school district or a Denver public school district charter school, will be under the benefit structure of the association in effect at that time. If the individual chooses to participate in the association’s defined contribution plan, the individual may either elect to maintain his or her inactive account or direct that his or her member account be transferred to the defined contribution account; except that after-tax contributions shall be transferred to an after-tax account in the association’s 401(k) account. If an individual elects to transfer his or her account pursuant to this subparagraph (III), the association will transfer such account within ninety days after the employee’s election becomes effective.(IV)
A person who is not retired and is a DPS inactive member on January 1, 2010, who is subsequently employed by any employer that is under the optional retirement plan choice pursuant to article 54.5 of this title in an optional retirement plan choice position will have the choice as provided in article 54.5 of this title. For purposes of determining optional retirement plan choice eligibility, service credit within the benefit structure as set forth in this part 17 and service credit within the PERA benefit structure will be combined. If the individual chooses to participate in the defined benefit plan, it will trigger a one-time irrevocable choice. The sixty-day choice period shall begin upon the date the association is notified of the selection of the defined benefit plan. The choice shall freeze the account not chosen. If the individual becomes an inactive member and elects to take a refund, he or she shall refund all member accounts. Any subsequent employment after a refund with any association affiliated employer, including the Denver public school district or a Denver public school district charter school, will be under the PERA benefit structure in effect at that time.(V)
A person who is not retired and is a DPS inactive member on January 1, 2010, with either an inactive account with the association or no account with the association who is subsequently employed at the university of Colorado in a position defined as eligible for the university retirement plan will have the choice as provided in section 23-20-139, C.R.S. For purposes of determining university retirement plan choice eligibility, service credit within the benefit structure as set forth in this part 17 and service credit within the PERA benefit structure will be combined. If the individual chooses to participate in the defined benefit plan, it will trigger a one-time irrevocable choice. The sixty-day choice period shall begin upon the date the association is notified of the selection of the defined benefit plan. The choice shall freeze the account not chosen. If the individual becomes an inactive member and elects to take a refund, he or she shall refund all member accounts. Any subsequent employment after a refund with any association affiliated employer, including the Denver public school district or a Denver public school district charter school, will be under the PERA benefit structure in effect at that time.(b)
A person who is not retired and is a DPS inactive member on January 1, 2010, who is also an active member of the association pursuant to section 24-51-101 (29) on January 1, 2010, will immediately be given a one-time irrevocable choice. The sixty-day choice period will begin on January 1, 2010. The choice shall freeze the account not chosen. If the individual becomes an inactive member and elects to take a refund, he or she shall refund all member accounts. Any subsequent employment after a refund with an affiliated employer of the association, including the Denver public school district or a Denver public school district charter school, will be under the PERA benefit structure in effect at that time.(c)
A DPS inactive member who is also an inactive member of the association who does not make a one-time irrevocable choice and subsequently retires from either benefit structure shall choose at time of retirement which of the two benefits to accrue upon returning to employment with any affiliated employer.(4)
Notwithstanding subsections (1), (2), and (3) of this section, any employment with a Denver public schools division employer prior to January 1, 2010, is considered employment with the association for purposes of the eligibility for retirement plan choice as specified in part 15 of this article.(5)
Any individual hired by the Denver public school district or a Denver public school district charter school on or after January 1, 2010, without an existing account in either the benefit structure under this part 17 or the PERA benefit structure shall be governed exclusively by the statutes and rules of the association as they exist at the time of hire.(6)
Intentionally left blank —Ed.(a)
A person who is a retiree of the Denver public schools retirement system before January 1, 2010, shall not be subject to the working retiree contributions or a benefit reduction due to postretirement employment with an affiliated employer of the association existing before January 1, 2010, as long as the retiree continues to be employed by that same employer. A retiree so situated shall be entitled to a second and entirely separate retirement coverage segment under the PERA benefit structure.(b)
Intentionally left blank —Ed.(I)
A retiree of the Denver public schools retirement system with no member contribution account with the association on January 1, 2010, who returns to work for any affiliated employer of the association, including the Denver public school district or a Denver public school district charter school, shall be subject to the provisions of this article and rules of the association governing employment after service retirement. The retiree may suspend and add a separate benefit segment to his or her Denver public schools retirement system benefit. The retiree shall not be entitled to accrue a benefit under the PERA benefit structure.(II)
An individual who retires under the benefit structure provided in this part 17 after January 1, 2010, who did not make a one-time irrevocable choice and returns to work for any affiliated employer of the association, including the Denver public school district or a Denver public school district charter school, shall be subject to the provisions of this article and rules of the association governing employment after service retirement. The individual may suspend and add a separate benefit segment to his or her Denver public schools retirement system benefit. The individual shall not be entitled to accrue a benefit under the PERA benefit structure.(c)
A retiree of the Denver public schools retirement system with an inactive account in the association on January 1, 2010, who is employed by an affiliated employer of the association, including the Denver public school district or a Denver public school district charter school, shall be subject to the provisions of this article and rules of the association governing employment after service retirement. If the retiree chooses to suspend his or her benefit, he or she must make a one-time irrevocable choice within sixty days from the date of suspension to either add to his or her inactive account under the benefit structure for that account or add a separate benefit segment to his or her Denver public schools retirement system benefit. The retiree shall not be required to suspend his or her retirement benefit but will not be able to add to the inactive account or add a separate segment to the Denver public schools retirement system benefit unless the Denver public schools retirement system benefit is suspended. If the inactive account is chosen, the retiree will be permanently ineligible to add a separate segment to the Denver public schools retirement system benefit. If adding a separate segment to the Denver public schools retirement system benefit is chosen, the retiree will be permanently ineligible to add to the inactive account.(d)
A Denver public schools retirement system retiree shall be considered a retiree of the association for purposes of part 15 of this article and article 54.5 of this title. A Denver public schools retirement system retiree shall also be considered a retiree of the association when employed by the university of Colorado after January 1, 2010.(e)
A retiree of the Denver public schools retirement system before January 1, 2010, who is an active member of the association’s defined contribution plan shall not be subject to a benefit reduction due to postretirement employment with his or her employer as long as the retiree continues to be employed by that same employer. The retiree shall be entitled to continue to contribute to the defined contribution plan. If the retiree begins employment with another nonretirement plan choice employer, including the Denver public school district or a Denver public school district charter school, the retiree will be subject to the provisions of this article and rules of the association governing employment after service retirement. If the retiree chooses to suspend his or her benefit, he or she must add a separate benefit segment to his or her benefit as set forth in this part 17. The retiree shall not be required to suspend his or her retirement benefit, but will not be able to add a separate segment to the benefit as set forth in this part 17 unless the benefit is suspended.(f)
A retiree of the Denver public schools retirement system before January 1, 2010, who is an active member of the association’s defined contribution plan shall not be subject to a benefit reduction due to postretirement employment with his or her employer as long as the retiree continues to be employed by that same employer. The retiree shall be entitled to continue to contribute to the defined contribution plan. If the retiree begins employment with another retirement plan choice employer without a twelve-month break in service, the retiree shall be subject to the provisions of this article and rules of the association governing employment after service retirement. If the retiree chooses to suspend his or her benefit within twelve months from the date of employment, he or she shall be placed into the defined contribution plan and will continue to build on his or her defined contribution account. If the retiree chooses to suspend after twelve months, he or she will build another segment onto the benefit as set forth in this part 17.(g)
An association retiree who is also a Denver public schools retirement system retiree on January 1, 2010, and who is subsequently employed by an affiliated employer of the association, including the Denver public school district or a Denver public school district charter school, shall be subject to the provisions of this article and rules of the association governing employment after service retirement with regard to both benefits. If the retiree does not suspend the benefits and works beyond the statutory limits, both retirement benefits shall be offset by five percent per day for every day worked beyond the limit. If the retiree chooses to suspend the benefits, he or she shall suspend both benefits and shall make a one-time irrevocable choice within sixty days from the date of suspension to either add to his or her association account under the benefit structure for that account or add a separate benefit segment to his or her benefit as set forth in this part 17. The retiree shall not be required to suspend his or her retirement benefits but will not be able to add to either account unless the benefits are suspended. If the association account is chosen, the retiree permanently forfeits the ability to add a separate segment to the benefit under this part 17. If the benefit under this part 17 is chosen, the retiree permanently forfeits the ability to add to the association account.(7)
Intentionally left blank —Ed.(a)
A person who is a retiree of the association and a DPS active member before January 1, 2010, shall not be subject to a benefit reduction due to postretirement employment with the Denver public school district or a Denver public school district charter school as long as the retiree continues to be employed by the same employer. A retiree so situated shall be entitled to a second and entirely separate retirement coverage segment under the benefit structure as set forth in this part 17. If such a retiree terminates employment with that employer, the retiree shall be subject to the provisions of this article and rules of the association governing employment after service retirement if reemployed by any affiliated employer. If the retiree chooses to suspend his or her benefit, the retiree shall make a choice within sixty days from the date of suspension to either add to his or her account under the PERA benefit structure for that account or add to his or her account as set forth in this part 17. The retiree shall not be required to suspend his or her retirement benefit, but will not be able to add to the benefit or add to the account under this part 17 unless the retirement benefit is suspended. If the association account is chosen, the retiree permanently forfeits the ability to add to the account under this part 17. If the account under this part 17 is chosen, the retiree permanently forfeits the ability to add to the association account. If the retiree does not suspend the association benefit, the separate segment of coverage will become an inactive account.(b)
Subject to the provisions of paragraph (d) of this subsection (7), a retiree of the association with no member account in the Denver public schools retirement system on January 1, 2010, who is employed by the Denver public school district or a Denver public school district charter school after January 1, 2010, shall be subject to the provisions of this article and rules of the association governing employment after service retirement.(c)
A retiree of the association with an inactive account with the Denver public schools retirement system on January 1, 2010, who is employed by any affiliated employer, including the Denver public school district or a Denver public school district charter school, beginning on or after January 1, 2010, shall be subject to the provisions of this article and rules of the association governing employment after service retirement. If the retiree chooses to suspend his or her benefit, he or she shall make a one-time irrevocable choice within sixty days from the date of suspension to either add to his or her account with the association under the benefit structure for that account or add to the account as set forth in this part 17. The retiree shall not be required to suspend his or her retirement benefit, but will not be able to add to either account unless the retirement benefit is suspended. If the association account is chosen, the retiree permanently forfeits the ability to add to the account under this part 17. If the account under this part 17 is chosen, the retiree permanently forfeits the ability to add to the association account.(d)
A retiree of the association who was not a member of the Denver public schools retirement system on December 31, 2009, but who was employed by the Denver public school district or a Denver public school district charter school as an hourly employee on December 31, 2009, shall not be subject to a benefit reduction due to postretirement employment with the Denver public school district or a Denver public school district charter school as long as the retiree continues to be employed by the same employer. The retiree shall be subject to the working retiree contributions beginning January 1, 2011, as specified in section 24-51-1101 (2), and the employer shall be required to remit employer contributions as specified in section 24-51-1101 (2), plus the applicable amortization equalization disbursement and supplemental amortization equalization disbursement as specified in section 24-51-411.(8)
An individual may reinstate time within the benefit structure that he or she is in as long as the time is not concurrent with the time, either earned or purchased, in the other benefit structure. The cost to reinstate the time shall be the cost required by the association’s statutes and rules. An individual may purchase, at the actuarial cost according to the association’s statutes and rules, time that has been previously refunded in the other benefit structure as long as the time is not concurrent with time, either earned or purchased, in the other benefit structure. The limits on the amount of service credit an individual may purchase set forth in this article shall apply to members under the benefit structure in this part 17.(9)
Intentionally left blank —Ed.(a)
A disability application submitted to the Denver public schools retirement system prior to January 1, 2010, shall be processed in accordance with this part 17.(b)
Any disability application submitted to the association on or after January 1, 2010, shall be processed in accordance with the provisions of this article and rules of the association.(c)
An individual shall not be eligible for disability benefits based on an account that is frozen.(10)
A frozen account shall be considered an inactive account for purposes of survivor benefit eligibility.(11)
Any time an individual continues to accrue a benefit under this part 17 while employed by an association affiliated employer other than the Denver public school district or a Denver public school district charter school, the individual’s salary for pension purposes shall be governed by the association’s definition of salary. On and after January 1, 2010, individuals in the Denver public schools division shall earn service credit based on the association’s accrual rate of one month of service earned if the member receives eighty times federal minimum wage in one month while employed by a PERA affiliated employer, including the Denver public school district or a Denver public school district charter school.(12)
A retiree or a beneficiary receiving a benefit from the Denver public schools retirement system, a disability retiree of the Denver public schools retirement system who applied for a disability retirement benefit prior to January 1, 2010, and a survivor benefit recipient based on an account of a person who died prior to January 1, 2010, shall have his or her benefits paid in accordance with the benefit structure as set forth in this part 17. For administrative convenience, annual benefit adjustments for such individuals may be scheduled so that the adjustments coincide with the dates on which benefit adjustments are effective under the rules of the association. Within the first calendar year following the effective merger date, it shall not be the intention of the association to deny an anticipated annual increase or to grant an additional increase to any annuitant, beneficiary, or survivor, as defined in section 24-51-1702, but rather that the association will administer an appropriate annual increase considering any differences between the administrative procedures under the DPS plan and the association in relation to the timing of the payment of such increase.(13)
The funding of a benefit based on an account that has contributions from the Denver public schools division shall be funded in the same manner as the association funds the benefit based on an account that has contributions in any one of the other four divisions as provided in section 24-51-208 (4).
Source:
Section 24-51-1747 — Portability between the Denver public schools division and the other four divisions within the association - definitions, https://leg.colorado.gov/sites/default/files/images/olls/crs2023-title-24.pdf (accessed Oct. 20, 2023).
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